Tus Cuam Tshuam Tseem Ceeb Tshaj Tawm Txog Tus Kheej Ntawm Cov Me Nyuam Muaj Kev Sib Tham
Mamie Phipps Clark yog ib tus poj niam kws qhia txog kev puas siab ntsws , paub zoo tshaj plaws rau nws kev tshawb fawb txog haiv neeg, kev ntseeg tus kheej, thiab kev loj hlob ntawm tus menyuam. Nws ua hauj lwm nrog nws tus txiv, Kenneth Clark, yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv phau Xyoo 1954 Brown thiab Board of Education thiab nws yog thawj tus poj niam dub tau txais daim ntawv pov thawj hauv Columbia University.
Mamie Phipps Clark's Early Life
Mamie Phipps Clark yug hauv Hot Springs, Arkansas.
Nws txiv, Harold, yog tus kws kho mob thiab nws niam, Katie, tau ua haujlwm pab nws tus txiv nrog nws xyaum. Nws txhawb nqa nws niam thiab txiv kom nws kawm nws txoj kev kawm, nws pib kawm ntawv qib siab los ua ib qho kev kawm txog fab thiab kev ua lej loj. Nws tau ntsib nws tus txiv, Kenneth Clark, ntawm Howard thiab nws tsis ntev tom qab ntawd nws xav hloov majors rau kev xav. Nws kawm tiav hauv xyoo 1938 thiab tom qab ntawd tau siv qee lub sijhawm ua haujlwm hauv chaw ua haujlwm chav lis haujlwm uas nws muaj peev xwm ua pov thawj thawj zaug ntawm qhov kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib cais, txoj cai ntawm cov cai uas khaws cia dub thiab dawb cais.
Nws nyuam qhuav pib kawm ntawv tiav thiab muaj ob tug me nyuam thaum nws kawm nws cov kev kawm. Nws tus tswv cov thesis ua hauj lwm yog nyob rau hauv kev tsim ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm haiv neeg thiab tus kheej . Nws txoj hauj lwm tau pab tawm txoj hauv kev rau kev tshawb fawb txog nws tus kheej lub tswv yim ntawm cov haiv neeg tsawg. Xyoo 1943, nws tau txais nws Ph.D. los ntawm Columbia University. Tsis tsuas yog nws tus poj niam nkaus xwb dub nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kev kawm, nws los ua tus thib ob African-American kom tau txais ib daim ntawv qhia los ntawm Columbia, thawj ua nws tus txiv.
Tsim Kho Nws Txoj Haujlwm
Tom qab kawm tiav, Clark pom tias nrhiav kev ua haujlwm zoo yog qhov nyuaj. "Txawm hais tias kuv tus txiv tau pib ua txoj hauj lwm hauv lub zos City of New York, tom qab kuv kawm ntawv tiav nws tsis ntev los no tau tshwm sim rau kuv tias ib tug poj niam dub nrog Ph.D. hauv kev xav txog kev puas siab ntsws yog ib qho kev xav tsis zoo hauv New York City thaum ntxov Xyoo 1940, "nws piav qhia.
Tom qab ua hauj lwm luv luv los soj ntsuam cov ntaub ntawv rau Miskas Public Health Association, nws tau tsiv mus rau ib txoj hauj lwm raws li ib tug kws kho kev puas siab puas ntsws rau United States Armed Forces Institute. Thaum ua haujlwm ua ib tus kws soj ntsuam txog kev puas siab ntsws ntawm ib lub koom haum rau cov ntxhais tsis muaj tsev nyob, Clark tau piav qhia txog kev pabcuam kev mob hlwb rau cov menyuam tsawg tsawg. Xyoo 1946, Clark thiab nws tus txiv nrhiav tau lub Northside Center for Child Development, uas yog thawj lub koom haum muab kev pabcuam kev xav rau cov menyuam yaus thiab cov tsev neeg nyob hauv cheeb tsam Harlem. Clark tseem ua hauj lwm raws li Northside Center tus thawj coj kom txog thaum nws so haujlwm rau xyoo 1979.
Kev Txhim Kho ntawm Clark Doll Test
Hauv kev sim ua kev lom zem, Clarks tau pom cov me nyuam me me ob tug me nyuam roj hmab uas zoo tib yam rau txhua txoj kev tsuas yog tias ib tug menyuam roj hmab dawb thiab ib tug dub. Cov me nyuam ntawd tau nug txog cov lus nug uas lawv nyiam tshaj plaws uas lawv nyiam ua nrog, uas menyuam roj hmab yog ib tug "zoo" menyuam roj hmab, uas yog ib qho "phem me nyuam roj hmab", thiab ib tus zoo li tus me nyuam.
Cov kws tshawb nrhiav tau pom tias tsis yog ntawm ntau cov me nyuam pom cov roj hmab dub raws li "qhov phem", ze li ntawm 50 feem pua xaiv cov menyuam roj hmab dawb raws li qhov lawv nyiam tshaj plaws. Thaum cov tub ntxhais kawm dub hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv tau muab piv rau cov cheeb tsam tsev kawm ntawv, cov kev tshwm sim tau qhia tias cov me nyuam ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv nyias muaj peev xwm piav qhia qhov dawb tus menyuam roj hmab yog qhov "zoo".
Txoj kev sim ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv Brown thiab lub Rooj Tsav Xwm Saib Xyuas Kev Kawm Txuj Ci los ntawm kev muaj kev cuam tshuam cov teeb meem ntawm kev sib cais ntawm cov menyuam yaus. Lub Tsev Hais Plaub Qib Siab tau txiav txim tias kev sib cais ntawm haiv neeg nyob rau hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas cov tsev kawm ntawv yog tus tsis ntseeg.
Txoj kev koom tes rau Psychology
Mamie Phipps Clark tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua neeg ncaj ncees, vim nws ua haujlwm nrog nws tus txiv qhia tias lub ntsiab lus ntawm "cais tiam sis sib npaug" muab kev sib txig sib luag rau cov tub ntxhais hluas dub. Nws cov kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm tus kheej ntawm cov neeg tsis paub cai tau tsim kev tshawb fawb ntxiv rau ntawm qhov kev kawm thiab qhib cov chaw tshiab ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv cheeb tsam kev loj hlob psychology .
Hmoov tsis zoo, nws txoj kev koom tes tseem ceeb ntau dhau los lawm, thiab nrog rau kev qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm kev xav txog keeb kwm ntawm psychology thiab cov phau ntawv qhia txog nws hauv kev dhau mus. Hauv nws phau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm Psychology , tus sau David Hothersall tau sau tseg tias cov tseem tsawg, xws li cov kws kho kev puas siab dub thiab cov poj niam, tau tshawb nrhiav txog keeb kwm ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws.
Cov ntaub ntawv muaj xws li:
- Clark, M. (1944). Cov kev hloov hauv kev puas siab puas ntsws nrog lub hnub nyoog. Archives ntawm Psychology, 291. New York: Columbia University.
- Clark, MP & Karp, J. (1961). Ib daim ntawv qhia txog kev pabcuam rau lub caij ntuj sov. Elementary School Journal, 61 , 137-142.
- Clark, MP (1970). Hloov cov ntsiab lus hauv kev puas siab puas ntsws, kev ntsuam xyuas peb caug xyoo. Rooj Sib Tham Tshaj Tawm, Thirtyth Kev Sib Tham, Lub Tsib Hlis 7. New York: Northside Center for Child Development.
- Clark, KB, & Clark, MP (1939). Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev paub ntawm tus kheej thiab kev tshwm sim ntawm kev cim qhia tawv nqaij hauv cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv Pre-preschool. Phau Ntawv Psychology, 10 , 591-599.
- Clark, KB, & Clark, MP (1939). Segregation ua qhov zoo tshaj nyob rau hauv kev cim qhia txog Negro pre-school cov menyuam. Phau Ntawv Qhia Kev Kawm, 8 , 161-165.
Qhov chaw:
Butler, SN Mamie Katherine Phipps Clark (1917-1983). Cov ntawv Encyclopedia ntawm Arkansas Keeb Kwm thiab Keeb Kwm . 2009.
Guthrie, R. Txawm tias Rat yog Dawb . Xyoo 1976.
Hothersall, D. Keeb Kwm ntawm Psychology. Koob thib 3. 1995.
O'Connell & Russo, A., N. (Ed.) Cov qauv ntawm kev kawm tau zoo: Kev xav ntawm Cov Poj Niam Hauv Cov Psychology. 2002.
Warren, W. Black Cov poj niam Zaum hauv Tebchaws Meskas. 1999.