Kev nco yog tsis zoo, thiab tsis nco qab ntau dua li qhov koj xav.
Kev zam lub txim yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm txhua txhua hnub hauv lub neej. Qee zaum cov ntawv cim xeeb yog yooj yim thiab tsis muaj kev txhaum, xws li tsis nco qab xa xov tooj. Lwm lub sij hawm, tsis nco qab yuav tuaj yeem tuaj yeem tuaj yeem thiab txawm tias muaj teeb meem loj heev, xws li ib qho tim khawv hnov qab txog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev txhaum.
Vim li cas peb tsis nco? Los ntawm tsis nco qab qhov twg koj tawm koj cov yawm sij kom tsis nco qab rov qab xa tus xov tooj, nco kev ua tsis zoo yog qhov tshwm sim txhua hnub.
Kev zam txim yog li ntawd koj yuav cia siab rau ntau txoj hauv kev los pab koj nco cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb xws li jotting cia sau ntawv hauv ib tus neeg npaj txhua hnub lossis teem caij cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb hauv koj lub xov tooj.
Thaum koj tab tom nrhiav koj tus kheej lub tsheb uas ploj lawm, nws yuav zoo li tias cov lus qhia txog qhov chaw uas koj tshuav lawv yog mus tas li ntawm koj lub cim xeeb. Txawm li cas los, tsis nco qab yog feem ntau tsis txog kev poob lossis rho tawm cov ntaub ntawv no los ntawm koj lub sijhawm ntev. Kev zes ua rau ib txwm tsis nco qab txog kev nco . Thaum cov ntaub ntawv yog qhov chaw nyob hauv koj lub sij hawm ntev, koj tsis muaj peev xwm rov muab dua thiab nco ntsoov nws.
Vim Li Cas Lub Caij Nyoog Tiag Tiag Lub Plaub Lub Hlwb
Psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus yog ib tus thawj ua rau kev kawm tsis nco qab. Nyob hauv cov kev sim uas nws siv nws tus kheej los ua qhov kev kawm, Ebbinghaus sim nws lub cim xeeb uas siv peb daim ntawv sib txawv.
Nws tso siab rau cov lus tsis muaj ntsiab lus vim hais tias siv cov lus uas tau paub dhau los yuav tau los koom nrog nws cov tswv yim thiab cov koom haum ua teb hauv nws lub cim xeeb.
Yuav kom ntsuam xyuas cov ntaub ntawv tshiab, Ebbinghaus tau sim nws lub cim xeeb rau lub sijhawm ntev li ntawm 20 feeb mus rau 31 hnub. Tom qab ntawd, nws luam tawm nws qhov kev tshawb pom nyob rau hauv 1885 hauv Nco: Ib qho Peev Txheej rau Kev Xiam Hlwb Psychology .
Nws xav tau, npaj rau hauv dab tsi lub npe hu ua Ebbinghaus forgetting nkhaus, qhia ib tug kev sib raug zoo ntawm forgetting thiab lub sij hawm. Pib, cov ntaub ntawv feem ntau poob lawm sai sai tom qab nws tau kawm. Qhov zoo li cas cov ntaub ntawv tau kawm tau thiab seb nquag nws tau qhia ua si lub luag haujlwm nyob rau hauv kev ceev nrooj li cas thaum lub sijhawm poob lawm.
Cov kev ntsuas tsis nco qab kuj pom tau hais tias tsis nco qab tsis poob mus txog thaum uas tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv ploj lawm. Nyob rau ntawm ib qho chaw, tus nqi ntawm forgetting ntau ntau. Qhov no txhais li cas? Nws qhia tau hais tias cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntev ntev yog ib qho tsis haum.
Yuav Ua Li Cas Ntsuas Kev Lawm
Qee lub sij hawm nws yuav zoo li cov ntaub ntawv tau hnov qab lawm, tab sis txawm tias qhov kev xav tsis yooj yim muaj peev xwm pab ua kom lub cim xeeb. Xav txog lub sij hawm kawg koj tau mus xeem ib qho kev xeem rau tsev kawm ntawv. Thaum uas koj yuav tau xub pib tsis hnov qab thiab tsis npaj txhij, pom cov ntaub ntawv uas tau muab qhia rau ntawm qhov kev xeem yuav pab tau cov ntaub ntawv rov qab uas koj yuav tsis tau paub tias koj twb nco txog.
Yog li cas peb ho paub thaum twg ib yam dab tsi lawm?
Muaj ob peb yam sib txawv los ntsuas qhov no:
- Rov Qab: Cov neeg uas tau thov kom cim tau ib yam dab tsi, xws li cov npe ntawm cov lus, yuav raug nug kom rov nco txog cov npe ntawm kev nco. Yog tias pom muaj ntau yam khoom, nco ntsoov cov kws tshawb fawb tau txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv ntau npaum li cas. Txoj kev no yuav siv txoj kev siv rov qab dawb (nco cov khoom tsis muaj yim pab) los yog rov qab ua kom rov qab (siv cov yim pab ua kom nco).
- Kev Lees Paub: Qhov qauv no yog qhia txog cov ntaub ntawv uas tau kawm dhau los. Rau kev sim, piv txwv, cov tub ntxhais kawm yuav tsum paub txog cov lus uas lawv tau kawm txog hauv tshooj ntawm lawv cov ntawv nyeem.
Yog vim li cas peb tsis nco qab?
Yeej muaj ntau yam tseem ceeb tuaj yeem ua rau tsis nco qab. Qee zaum koj yuav tsum cuam tshuam thaum koj kawm tau cov ntaub ntawv tshiab, uas txhais tau tias koj yeej tsis qhia cov ntaub ntawv ntev txaus kom nco nws tom qab. Tus kws tshawb nrhiav paub txog Elizabeth Elizabeth Loftus tau piav qhia peb cov lus qhia tseem ceeb rau vim li cas tsis nco qab .
Plaub yam tseem ceeb rau kev nco qab tias nws cites yog:
- Kev rho tawm tsis ua haujlwm
- Kev cuam tshuam
- Yog tsis tau muab khaws cia
- Txaus siab rau
Ob peb ntawm cov kev xav ntawm kev tsis nco qab muaj xws li:
Txoj kev cuam tshuam nrog kev cuam tshuam
Koj tau ua dab tsi rau hnub hmo Tuesday ntawm lub lim tiam dhau los? Puas yog nyuaj rau nco qab? Yog hais tias ib tug neeg tau nug koj tias lo lus nug Wednesday thaum sawv ntxov koj ntshe yuav tsis muaj teeb meem nco txog dab tsi koj tau noj hmo hmo ua ntej. Tab sis raws li intervening hnub dhau los, nco txog tag nrho cov lwm pluas noj koj tau noj txij thaum ntawd los pib cuam tshuam nrog koj nco txog tias ib qho kev noj mov. Qhov no yog ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm cov kws kho kev puas siab puas ntsws hu qhov kev cuam tshuam kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev tsis nco qab.
Raws li kev cuam tshuam kev cuam tshuam, tsis nco qab yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev nco txawv txuam nrog ib leeg. Nws yog qhov nyuaj rau nco qab dab tsi tshwm sim hauv nruab nrab hnub kawm ntawv ob lub hlis dhau los vim hais tias ntau lwm hnub tau tshwm sim txij li ntawd los. Qhov ntau dua ob los yog ntau txheej xwm yog ib leeg, qhov kev cuam tshuam ntau dua yuav tshwm sim.
Tej xwm txheej tshwj xeeb thiab txawv, tab sis tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam. Koj qib 12, qib kawm tiav high school, tshoob, thiab hnub yug ntawm koj tus menyuam thawj zaug yuav raug xa rov qab vim tias lawv yog cov xwm txheej zoo - hnub zoo li tsis muaj dua.
Txoj kev sib cuam tshuam kuj plays lub luag haujlwm hauv qhov paub tias yog qhov chaw zoo tshaj plaws , los yog qhov kev xav kom rov qab tau cov khoom thiab qhov kawg ntawm daim ntawv.
Piv txwv, xav txog tias koj tau sau ib daim ntawv teev npe khoom tab sis tsis nco qab coj mus nrog koj mus tom khw. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntxim yuav zoo, koj yuav muaj peev xwm rov qab tau cov khoom ua ntej thiab zaum kawg ntawm koj daim ntawv teev npe, tab sis koj yuav hnov qab ntau yam ntawm cov khoom nyob hauv nruab nrab. Thawj qhov uas koj tau sau tseg thiab qhov kawg koj tau sau cia siab ua qhov txawv txav, thaum lub sijhawm plaub thiab xya yam khoom yuav zoo li zoo sib xws uas lawv cuam tshuam nrog txhua lwm yam.
Nws muaj ob txoj kev cuam tshuam uas tshwm sim tau:
- Retroactive cuam tshuam tshwm sim thaum cov ntaub ntawv tshiab tau txais kev cuam tshuam nrog kev nco qub. Piv txwv, tus kws qhia ntawv kawm cov npe ntawm nws cov tub ntxhais kawm tshiab thaum pib xyoo kawm ntawv yuav nrhiav nws nyuaj rau nco cov npe ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm hauv nws lub xyoo dhau los. Cov ntaub ntawv tshiab cuam tshuam nrog cov ntaub ntawv qub.
- Proactive cuam tshuam tshwm sim thaum yav tas los kawm tau cov ntaub ntawv ua rau nws nyuaj rau daim ntawv tshiab. Kev kawm tus xov tooj tshiab los yog chav tsev xauv khoom tuaj yeem yuav nyuaj, piv txwv li, vim tias koj nco txog koj tus xov tooj qub thiab ua ke nrog cuam tshuam cov ntaub ntawv tshiab.
Tshem tawm kev cuam tshuam zoo rau nws yog tsis yooj yim sua, tab sis nws muaj ob peb yam uas koj tuaj yeem ua kom txo nws cov teebmeem. Ib qho uas zoo tshaj plaws uas koj tuaj yeem ua yog rov xyaum cov ntaub ntawv tshiab thiaj li yuav zoo dua rau kev nco. Qhov tseeb tiag, ntau tus neeg ua haujlwm tau pom zoo kom paub cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb, uas yog siv cov ntaub ntawv ntau dua kom txog thaum nws tuaj yeem ua tswv yim zoo kawg nkaus uas tsis muaj teeb meem.
Lwm cov tswv yim tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam yog hloov koj txoj kev ua ub ua no thiab tsis txhob kawm cov ntaub ntawv zoo sib xws rov qab. Piv txwv li, tsis txhob sim kawm cov ntsiab lus rau koj hom lus Mev tom qab kawm cov lus rau koj tus German chav kawm. Tuav cov khoom siv thiab hloov mus rau ib qho kev sib txawv kiag li txhua qhov kev kawm sib tham.
Pw tsaug zog kuj plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev nco. Cov neeg tshawb xyuas qhia tias pw tsaug zog tom qab koj kawm tau ib yam tshiab yog ib qho ntawm txoj kev zoo tshaj plaws uas yuav tau hloov tshiab rau hauv kev ua haujlwm.
Txoj Kev Txom Nyem Ntawm Kev Leeg
Raws li cov qauv kev cim xeeb ntawm lub cim xeeb, qhov kev tsim tshiab ntawm cov kev tshwm sim tau tshwm sim hauv lub cev thiab tshuaj hloov hauv lub hlwb uas ua rau lub cim xeeb 'khiav.' Cov ntaub ntawv hauv lub sij hawm luv luv yuav kav li thaj tsam li 15 mus rau 30 seconds thiab yog tias nws tsis muaj kev qhia, lub cim xeeb neurochemical ceev nrooj sai.
Raws li txoj kev lwj tshawb ntawm txoj kev tsis nco qab, cov xwm txheej uas tshwm sim ntawm kev tsim ntawm lub cim xeeb thiab nco qab ntawm lub cim xeeb tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau rov qab. Es tsis txhob, txoj kev tshawb xav pom hais tias qhov ntev ntawm lub cim xeeb thiab nco qab tias cov ntaub ntawv txiav txim seb puas yuav khaws cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg lossis tsis nco qab. Yog tias lub sij hawm luv luv luv, cov lus qhia ntxiv yuav raug rov qab. Yog hais tias lub sij hawm ntev zog, yuav tsis nco qab cov lus qhia ntau dua thiab nco nws yuav pluag.
Lub tswv yim uas nco txog lub sijhawm dhau los yog tsis yog tshiab. Greek philosopher Plato pom zoo li no ntau tshaj li 2,500 xyoo dhau los. Tom qab ntawd, cov kev tshawb nrhiav los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb xws li Ebbinghaus tau tawm tsam qhov kev xav no.
Ib qho ntawm cov teeb meem nrog qhov kev tshawb xav yog tias nws tsis yooj yim rau kev nthuav qhia tias lub sijhawm ib leeg yog lub luag hauj lwm rau cov nyob hauv kev rov qab. Hauv tej xwm txheej hauv ntiaj teb, muaj ntau yam yuav tshwm sim los ntawm kev tsim lub cim xeeb thiab kev nco qab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawd.
Tus menyuam kawm ntawv uas kawm tau ib yam dab tsi hauv chav kawm, piv txwv li, muaj peev xwm muaj ntau pua tus kheej thiab nws tus kheej cov kev paub ntawm kev kawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab nco qab nws hauv kev xeem.
Twb tsis nco txog hnub uas American Revolutionary War pib vim lub sijhawm ntev npaum li cas ntawm kev kawm hnub rau hauv koj phau ntawv keeb kwm Asmeskas keeb kwm thiab kev kuaj xyuas ntawm nws, los sis puas tau muaj ntau cov ntaub ntawv uas tau txais thaum lub sijhawm ua si? Kev kuaj qhov no yuav ua tau nyuaj heev vim tias nws tsis muaj peev xwm tshem tawm tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev tsim lub cim xeeb thiab kev nco qab ntawm lub cim xeeb.
Lwm qhov teeb meem nrog kev txhim kho ziag no nws tsis yog vim li cas qee yam puas yuav ploj mus sai sai thaum lwm tus ua si. Novelty yog ib yam tseem ceeb uas ua rau lub luag hauj lwm yog vim li cas qee yam muaj kev nco txog thaum lwm tus neeg tsis nco qab lawm.
Piv txwv li, koj muaj peev xwm nco ntsoov koj thawj hnub kawm ntawv qib siab tshaj txhua lub caij nyoog nruab nrab ntawm nws thiab kev kawm tiav. Tias thawj hnub yog qhov tshiab thiab zoo siab heev, tiam sis tag nrho cov hnub tom qab ntawd tej zaum yuav zoo li sib xws.
Cov Kev Txiav Txim Tsis Txaus Siab
Qee lub sij hawm qhov kev nco txog puas muaj, peb cia li tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus rau lawv. Ob ntawm cov laj thawj yooj yim rau qhov no tsis ua hauj lwm hauv kev nco nco ntsig txog kev ua tsis tiav thiab tsis muaj cov cues rov qab. Ib qho laj thawj yog vim li cas peb tsis nco qab cov ntaub ntawv yog vim nws tsis tau ua rau hauv lub sij hawm ntev ntev hauv thawj qhov chaw. Sim ua qhov qauv zoo tshaj plaws ua ntej siv los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb Nickerson thiab Adams. Ntawm kev nco, sim kos rau sab nraum qab ntawm ib lub nyiaj. Thaum koj ua tas, sib piv koj daim duab rau ib qho nyiaj npib.
Puas yog koj xav tsis thoob los ntawm kev tsis zoo li cas koj rov qab hais txog dab tsi tom qab ntawm ib lub penny zoo li? Thaum uas koj xav tau ib lub tswv yim zoo txog txhua yam zoo nkauj thiab xim, cov ntsiab lus tau tshwm sim tau zoo nkauj zoo nkauj. Vim li cas? Txij li thaum koj tsis tau xav paub txog dab tsi tom qab ntawm ib lub penny zoo li nws los ntawm lwm cov npib, koj tsuas yog tsom tiag rau cov ntaub ntawv koj xav tau - qhov loj me me, zoo, thiab xim ntawm lub txiaj. Koj tsis tuaj yeem rov qab hais tias qhov nyiaj ntawm lub npiv nyiaj zoo li cas vim tias cov ntaub ntawv ntawd yeej tsis muaj qhov cim cia rau hauv qhov chaw nco.
Lub Cue-Kev Txheeb Rau Txoj Kev Ntseeg
Lwm cov kws tshawb fawb tau pom tias qee zaus cov ntaub ntawv yeej muaj nyob hauv kev nco, tab sis qhov ntawd yuav tsis raug rov qab tshwj tias ntshe yuav tsum muaj cov cues. Cov cues no yog cov ntsiab lus uas tau tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm uas lub cim xeeb tau muab teev cia. Piv txwv, nco qab cov ntsiab lus ntawm koj thawj hnub nrog koj tus txij nkawm yog yooj yim dua yog tias koj hnov ntxhiab tib yam uas koj tus khub tau hnav rau thawj hnub. Tus nqi cue (cov naj hoom) yog tam sim no thaum uas lub cim xeeb ntawd tau tsim, vim li ntawd kiav nws dua tuaj yeem ua rau cov nqi ntawm cov kev nco.
Thaum kawg xav
Ntau yam kev xav muaj nyob rau hauv kev piav qhia li cas thiab vim li cas peb tsis nco qab. Hauv ntau lub sijhawm, ntau qhov kev piav qhia no yuav qhia txog vim li cas peb tsis nco qab. Lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm yuav ua rau kev nco (nyuaj ziag), thaum cov lus qhia vying rau peb paub yuav tsim kev sib tw ntawm cov laus thiab cov kev nco tshiab (kev cuam tshuam kev xav).
Thaum tsis nco qab tias tsuas yog ib feem ntawm lub neej, muaj ntau yam uas peb tuaj yeem ua los txhim kho peb txoj kev nco thiab ua zoo dua thaum rov qab cov ntaub ntawv. Ntxiv mus, ua tib zoo saib ntawm qee yam txawv uas koj tuaj yeem ua tam sim no los txhim kho koj lub cim xeeb .
Qhov chaw:
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Hunt, RR, & Worthen, JB Distinctiveness thiab Nco . Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press; 2006.
Nickerson, RS, & Adams, MJ Ntev ntev ntev rau ib qho khoom ua ke. Cognitive Psychology, 1979; 11 (3): 287-307.
Tulving, E. Cue-dependent forgetting. American tus paub txog. Xyoo 1974; 62: 74-82.
Willingham, DT Cognition: Tus tsiaj xav (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson / Prentice Hall; Xyoo 2007.