Cov Phiaj Plig Uas Yuav Tsum Mus ...
Haus luam yeeb yaj.
Cov luam yeeb yog tib txoj kev tiv thaiv ntawm kev mob morbidity thiab kev tuag hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Txhua xyoo, kwv yees li ntawm 443,000 tus neeg Asmeskas raug tuag cigarette, thiab 8.6 lab tus tib neeg nyob nrog mob kab mob thiab xiam hoob qhab ob qho tib si rau kev haus cigarette. Cigarettes blight public health; lawv tsis yog tua cov neeg siv nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj tso txhua tus neeg nqus pa hauv pa luam yeeb hauv qhov kev pheej hmoo, thiab.
Cigarettes yuav tsum yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm lub sijhawm thaum peb paub me ntsis txog kev siv cov yeeb nkab me me thiab cov quav tshuaj ua rau mob cancer thiab COPD. Es tsis txhob, Cov Luam Yeeb loj tseem ua kom muaj kev vam meej thiab txav mus ntxiv thiab thawb lawv cov khoom rau txhua tus - feem ntau cov tub hluas ntxhais hluas thiab cov neeg tsis muaj vaj tse - nrog kev cia siab tias peb txhua tus tau txais hooked.
Thaum ib tug neeg tua neeg los yog maim lwm tus neeg, peb cia siab tias lub ceev ntiag tug ntawm Amelikas qhov kev ncaj ncees yuav ua rau pom zoo rau txim. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum lub tuam txhab loj loj luam yeeb tua tuag ntau lab, lub tuam txhab tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog nyiaj. Peb nyob rau hauv ib lub ntiaj teb ntawm cov plooj plooj, qhov twg ib tug neeg tus neeg tua neeg yog lwm tus neeg pabcuam tus neeg lossis tus neeg koom hauv PAC.
Ib qho tseem ceeb thiab lub cim tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua lag luam tawm thaum lub sij hawm ntawm luam yeeb muag yuav txwv txoj kev muag ntawm cov qhua pob (menthol smoked) - kev txav nrog qhov kev txwv dhau. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, hauv 2009 cov kev cai txwv tsis pub muaj cov luam yeeb muag cuav xws li cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab cov hnoos qaub (clover).
Nrog qhov txiav npluav ntawm flavored luam yeeb, FDA vam tias yuav ua rau cov luam yeeb tsawg dua rau cov tub hluas. Txawm li cas los xij, menthol luam yeeb, los ntawm thiab nyob deb tshaj plaws uas muaj ntau tshaj plaws flavored luam yeeb nrog 25 feem pua ntawm kev ua lag luam, tseem raug muag rau cov hluas thiab lwm tus neeg tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam. Ntxiv mus, menthol ntau tshaj mere flavoring; nws yog yeeb tshuaj nrog tshuaj loog.
Xyoo 2009, cov cai tswj kev haus luam yeeb raug muab tso rau hauv kev tswj hauv Lub Chaw Rau Khoom Haus Luam Yeeb ntawm Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Lub chaw haujlwm ua haujlwm tshaj tawm yog xav paub tias yuav ua li cas thiaj li muaj kev tiv thaiv menthol luam nrog cov tsis muaj cigarettes. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, qhov chaw zov me nyuam tsuas yog siv cov qhuab qhia rau cov tub ntxhais hluas, cov laus thiab cov neeg uas xav txiav tawm. Txawm tias lawv cov kev tshawb pom txaus ntshai uas tau tshaj tawm hauv 2013, menthol luam yeeb nyob hauv lub khw.
Seedy Underbelly ntawm Cigarette Advertisement
Nws yuav tsum tuaj raws li tsis txaus ntseeg tias Luam Yeeb Loj loj heev. (Rau cov lus hais, tsis hais lus dab tsi, tsoo kawm, saib Jason Reitman's Tour-de-force movie Ua tsaug rau kev haus luam yeeb.) Kev lag luam ntawm menthol luam yeeb yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm seb cov tuam txhab luam yeeb loj npaum li cas.
Nyob rau hauv ib qho khoom muaj npe dawb lub npe hu ua "Kev lag luam ntawm menthol luam yeeb thiab neeg siv kev xaav: kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv luam yeeb ntawm kev lag luam," soj ntsuam ntawm UCSF ua haujlwm zoo ua piv txwv txog cov neeg haus luam yeeb ua rau cov neeg haus luam yeeb rau cov neeg haus luam yeeb. Nov yog qee qhov kev tshawb pom:
- Menthol luam yeeb yog thawj xyoo pib thaum xyoo 1920 los ntawm ib tug tub hluas hu ua Lloyd "Spud" Hughes tom qab nws xuas paj nquab qhwv hauv nws cov luam yeeb. Nws niam tau muab nws tus menthol rau mob khaub thuas uas nws nquag ntsib. Spud haus luam yeeb tau los ua tus thawj cov khoom muag muaj qhov qhuab qhua nrog Kool Menthol thaum xyoo 1933.
- Menthol muaj cov cua txias, cov khoom qub thiab cov khoom siv tshuaj loog uas piav qhia txog vim li cas nws siv cov kab mob, mob khaub thuas, cov pos hniav, tshuaj yaug ncauj thiab lwm yam. Caij nyob rau hauv lub tsho tiv no ntawm cov qhuab qhia cov kev pabcuam kho mob, menthol luam yeeb ua ntej nrog cov lus qhia txog kev mob nkeeg. Cov tuam txhab luam yeeb tau thov tias cov qhua cov pa luamyeeb tau muaj kev ruaj ntseg dua thiab ua rau cov neeg tsis muaj kabmob. Cov ntawv tshaj tawm ntxov tau qhia txog qhov qhoj nyob rau hauv menthol luam yeeb li "huv," lub taub hau meej, "thiab ib qho kev kho rau hnoos thiab caj pas irritation.
- Txij thaum xyoo 1950, cov menthol-cigarettes-yog-kev noj qab haus huv jig nce, thiab neeg Asmeskas pib nkag siab tias cov luam yeeb tsis zoo. Yog li ntawd, txhua xyoo ib tus neeg haus luam yeeb tau tsawg dua nyob rau xyoo 1953 thiab 1953 tsuas yog mus ntxiv rau nws nce mus txog xyoo 1970. Kev tsis txaus ntseeg muaj kev phem, Luam Loj Luam Yeeb Redoubled nws cov kev tshaj tawm txog kev tshaj tawm thiab ua raws li cov lus hais tias menthol tau noj qab haus huv. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tuam txhab luam yeeb tseem sib cav sib ceg tias menthol luam yeeb muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab nyuab siab ua cas menthol luam yeeb yog "soothing" thiab "refreshing." Hmoov tsis txog, hnub no, ntau tus neeg haus luam yeeb tseem ntseeg hais tias menthol luam yeeb muaj mob, yooj yim dua, yooj yim dua haus luam yeeb thiab kev nyab xeeb dua nonmenthol luam yeeb.
- Lub sijhawm xyoo 1960, cov lus tshaj tawm rau cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv tau qhaj ntau dua. Ntxiv dua yog, cov neeg luam yeeb pib ua phiaj xwm African Asmeskas raws li kev ywj pheej ntawm pejxeem thiab tshaj tawm rau hauv cov khw muag khoom hauv nroog nrog rau "cov duab nroog." Tsis tas li ntawd, cov lus tshaj tawm txog qhov kev tshaj tawm no tau siv ntau dua thiab tsis muaj kev sib thooj uas tau pom nrog kev tsov kev ua haujlwm thiab tsom ntsoov rau "Diversity / Community." Thaum tsim tau, qhov "cov duab hauv nroog" uas tau txheeb xyuas nrog "kev ua neej hauv nroog" tau siv los tsim ib pawg neeg thiab nyiam lwm cov minorities thiab cov ntsiab lus rau cov npe paj nruag.
- Thaum xyoo 1980, cov neeg luam yeeb pib tawm xov xwm rau cov tub ntxhais hluas - tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov ntxhais hluas - sim kom lawv ntseeg hais tias menthol luam yeeb yog haus luam yeeb, tsis muaj kev xav, muaj kev txaus siab, muaj kev txaus siab, nyiam thiab muaj neeg zoo. Hauv lwm cov lus, Cov Luam Yeeb loj paub tias kev haus luam yeeb yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm cov neeg hluas thiab muaj qhov loj ntawm qhov no.
- Tam sim no, txawm tias feem coob ntawm cov neeg haus luam yeeb yog dawb, muaj kev sib cav sib ceg ntawm cov neeg qhaj ntawm cov neeg Mis Kas, qee cov Hispanic neeg, cov tub ntxhais hluas, cov poj niam thiab "ntais" cov neeg haus luam yeeb.
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Hauv FDA Tshuaj Txhaum Kev Raug Ntsuam Xyuas Cov Khoom Uas Tsis Muaj Cov Ntaus
Xyoo 2013, FDA tau tso tawm ntawm nws txoj kev tshawb fawb loj lub npe hu ua "Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Qhov Kev Xeem Tshaj Tawm Txog Txoj Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Rau Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Ntawm Txoj Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Ntawm Txoj Kev Nyuaj Siab ntawm Menthol" thiab "Nonmenthol Cigarettes." Nov yog 4 qhov kev txiav txim los ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb no. Ua ntej, cov pa luam yeeb muaj qhov sib npaug tsis zoo xws li cov tsis muaj kabmob. Qhov thib ob, qhov kev siv cov qhua tob hau yog txuam nrog kev haus luam yeeb ntau dua los ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas. Thib peb, menthol luam yeeb muaj feem xyuam nrog kev tiv thaiv ntau dua, muaj kev vam khom ntau dua thiab muaj kev nyuaj siab dua. Hauv lwm cov lus, menthol luam yeeb nyuab nyuab tshaj qhov tsis haus luam yeeb. Qeb plaub, vim yog cov tshuaj loog thiab cov khoom ua kom zoo nkauj, cov pa luam yeeb ua rau lub cev tsis zoo rau kev noj qab haus huv. Nyob rau hauv lub Peb Hlis 2011, txawm tias ua ntej txoj kev tshawb fawb no, FDA tau pom zoo tias "kev tshem tawm ntawm cov qhua pob (menthol cigarettes) hauv lub khw yuav pab tau kev noj qab haus huv hauv Tebchaws Meskas."
Thaum kawg, raws li kev ua qauv, qee cov kws qhia tau hais tias hauv 40 xyoo tom ntej no, 300,000 rau 600,000 tus neeg tuag yuav raug zam los ntawm qhov tso qhov txwv ntawm qhov muag ntawm menthol luam yeeb.
Yog li ntawd, vim li cas ho tsis muaj txoj cai faj txwv txiav menthol luam? Qhov no yog qhov $ 64,000-duas lus nug. Nws yog tam sim no 2015, thiab txhua qhov chaw kuv tuaj yeem yog sau hnub tim 2013 thiab ntxov dua.
Kuv muaj qee cov tswv yim hais tias yog vim li cas cov menthol cigarettes tseem muaj zog. Ua ntej, tsis paub txog cov kev tshawb nrhiav los yog cov kev pom zoo no yeej tsis muaj tseeb - yeej tseem ua tau tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv no raws li kev hais lus thev raws li nom tswv kev hais lus. Qhov thib ob, nrog rau txhua qhov chaw pabcuam thiab cov nyiaj pabcuam, Cov Luam Loj loj muaj hlau nplaum rau hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas tsoom fwv thiab yuav tua tus hniav thiab tus ntsia tho tawm tsam muaj plaub lub hlis ntawm nws cov khoom muag qhuav los ntawm kev muag khoom ntawm cov qhua cov pa luam yeeb. Thib peb, tej zaum FDA xav tias peb tsis nco qab txog qhov txiav npluav ntawm qhov qhabnias - tom qab tag nrho, lawv tsis kam tawm tswv yim los ntawm cov pej xeem txoj kev rov qab rau xyoo 2013. Zoo, lub zej zog kev kho mob tseem nco ntsoov thiab zoo li ntawd.
Tebchaws Meskas yog ib lub tebchaws zoo tshaj plaws. Peb tsoom fwv tau txais Kev Txiav Txim ntawm British, tshem tawm kev ua cev qhev, tawm tsam Axis powers thiab tau ua tsov rog thoob ntiaj teb txog kev ua phem. Txawm li cas los, peb feem ntau tuag taus kev haus luam yeeb, haus luam yeeb, yog nyob rau hauv Virginia tsis deb ntawm peb lub teb chaws lub peev.
Txawm hais tias menthol luam yeeb, tshem tawm ntawm lawv mus yuav tsis yooj yim. Muaj tseeb, muaj qee qhov kev hloov kom zoo nkauj rau kev muag yeeb ntawm cov luam yeeb nrog rau kev txwv, tab sis menthol luam yeeb yog cov ciaj thiab zoo. Nyob rau hauv sib piv, lub European Parliament pov ntawv tawm tsam banhol menthol cigarettes nyob rau hauv 2022.
Yog tias koj lossis ib tus neeg koj hlub, haus luam yeeb menthol (los yog ib txwm), nws yog sijhawm siab. Nco ntsoov tias qhov kev txiav txim siab tau zoo yog qhov sib ntaus sib tua uas feem ntau siv ntau zaus. Tsis tas li ntawd, txawm tias zoo nkaus li, tus neeg tshem tawm tsuas yog ib qho ntawm lub khoom noj qab zib xwb. Koj, koj cov phooj ywg thiab koj tsev neeg yuav tsum xa ib tsab ntawv mus rau FDA xav tau kev txiav txim rau qhov kev txwv txiav rau cov menthol hlau, thiab rau ntau yam ntxiv, xa ib tsab ntawv rau koj tus thawj coj thiab lub Tsev Dawb, thiab.
Thov nco ntsoov tias tsoomfwv yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm rau peb thiab tsis tau ua kev lomzem ntawm ntau tus neeg haus luam yeeb. Tom qab tag nrho, kev tiv thaiv yog ib txwm zoo dua kho - tsis yog tias peb tseem muaj kev kho rau mob ntsws cancer, COPD thiab ib tug tswv tsev ntawm lwm yam teebmeem uas yog haus luam yeeb.
Kuv tabtom yuav xaus los ntawm kev nthuav tawm ib tus cwjpwm uas kuv tau qhia dhau los. Yog tias Neeg Loj Loj tau los ua neeg, nws yuav yog ntau tshaj ib tug tua neeg loj xwb. Los ntawm cov hom phiaj tshwj xeeb xws li African Asmesliskas, Kev Luam Loj Loj loj yog ua kom muaj kev sib ceg.
Cov Cheeb Tsam Xaiv
Tshooj cai hu ua "Marketing of menthol smokers and consumer alignments: kev ntsuam xyuas cov ntaub ntawv luam yeeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv" by SJ Anderson luam tawm hauv Kev Tswj Luam Tawm (BMJ Journals) hauv xyoo 2011.
Tshooj cai hu ua "Kev Haus Luam Yeeb Txog Kev Haus Luam Yeeb Ntawm Cov Neeg Haus Cuam Tsis Txhuam Cuam Tshuam Cov Neeg Cuam Tsis Txhuam Cigarettes" los ntawm CD Delnevo thiab cov kws sau ntawv luam tawm hauv Phau Ntawv Teev Tseg Cov Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv ntawm Xyoo 2011.
Cov ntaub ntawv lub npe hu ua "Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Qhov Kev Xeem Ua Ntej Cov Kev Zoo Siv Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Ntawm Menthol Versus Nonmenthol Cigarettes" Food and Drug Administration