Nrhiav ib Neurotransmitter

Lawv ua haujlwm li cas, ntau hom, thiab vim li cas lawv tseem ceeb

Ib tug neurotransmitter txhais tias yog ib tug neeg xa xov xwm tshuaj uas nqa, nce, thiab sib txawv ntawm cov paj hlwb , lossis paj hlwb, thiab lwm lub hlwb hauv lub cev. Cov tshuaj xa tuaj no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam ntau yam ntawm lub cev thiab lub hlwb xws li lub plawv dhia, kev pw tsaug zog, kev ntshaw, kev xav, thiab kev ntshai. Cov billions ntawm cov neurotransmitters ua hauj lwm tas li kom peb lub hlwb kev ua haujlwm, tswj txhua yam ntawm peb txoj kev ua pa mus rau peb lub plawv dhia rau peb txoj kev kawm thiab concentration levels.

Yuav ua li cas Neurotransmitters Ua Hauj Lwm

Yuav kom cov neurons xa lus thoob plaws hauv lub cev, lawv yuav tsum tau sib txuas lus nrog ib leeg mus tshaj tawm cov teeb meem. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neurons tsis yog txuas nrog ib leeg. Qhov kawg ntawm txhua qhov neuron yog ib qho kev sib txawv me me hu ua synapse thiab kom sib txuas lus nrog lub xov tooj ntawm tes, qhov teeb liab yuav tsum hla dhau qhov chaw me me no. Qhov no tshwm sim los ntawm tus txheej txheem hu ua neurotransmission.

Feem ntau, ib tug neurotransmitter raug tso tawm los ntawm qhov paub tias lub axon davhlau ya raws tom qab qhov kev txiav txim muaj peev xwm mus txog ntawm qhov kev tawm tsam, qhov chaw uas cov neurons tuaj yeem xa xov mus rau lwm tus.

Thaum ib lub teeb liab hluav taws xob tuaj txog qhov kawg ntawm ib lub neuron, nws ua rau cov me me uas hu ua vesicles uas muaj cov neurotransmitters. Cov ntaub ntim khoom ntim lawv cov khoom ua rau hauv lub zeem muag, qhov twg cov neurotransmitters mam li txav mus rau qhov sib txawv rau cov hlwb nyob sib ze.

Cov hlwb no muaj cov receptors qhov twg cov neurotransmitters tau khi thiab ua rau muaj kev hloov hauv lub hlwb.

Tom qab tso tawm, cov neurotransmitter hla lub qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hluav taws xob thiab cov hlua txuas rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub hlwb, yog qhov exciting los yog inhibiting qhov kev txais neuron nyob ntawm seb cov neurotransmitter yog.

Cov neurotransmitters ua haujlwm zoo li tus yawm sij thiab lub chaw txais tos ua zoo li lub xauv. Nws yuav siv qhov tseem ceeb qhib qhov rooj xauv. Yog hais tias tus neurotransmitter muaj peev xwm ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm thaj chaw, nws ua rau muaj kev hloov hauv kev txais kab mob ntawm tes.

Qee zaus neurotransmitters tuaj yeem khi rau cov neeg tuaj yeem thiab ua rau hluav taws xob teeb liab mus rau hauv lub xovtooj (excitatory). Lwm cov xwm txheej, cov neurotransmitter tuaj yeem thaiv qhov teebmeem ntawm kev txuas ntxiv, tiv thaiv cov lus tawm ntawm kev raug mob (inhibitory).

Yog li cas rau ib tug neurotransmitter tom qab nws txoj haujlwm tiav? Thaum cov neurotransmitter tau tsim cov kev tsim, nws cov kev ua si yuav tsum nres los ntawm cov tswv yim sib txawv.

1. Nws tuaj yeem degraded lossis deactivated los ntawm cov enzymes
2. Nws muaj peev xwm khiav deb ntawm tus neeg tau txais kev pab
3. Nws tuaj yeem muab rov qab los ntawm lub pob zeb ntawm cov neuron uas tso tawm rau hauv tus txheej txheem hu ua reuptake

Neurotransmitters ua si lub luag haujlwm hauv lub neej txhua hnub thiab kev ua haujlwm. Cov kws tshawb fawb tseem tsis tau paub xyov pes tsawg neurotransmitters nyob ua ib ke, tab sis ntau tshaj 100 chemical txib tau raug txheeb xyuas.

Cov Neurotransmitters Ua Dab Tsi

Neurotransmitters tuaj yeem tso dej num los ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm:

Cov neurotransmitters excitatory: Cov hom neurotransmitters muaj cov teebmeem excitatory ntawm cov neuron, lub ntsiab lus lawv nce uas yuav ua rau cov neuron yuav tua hluav taws ua.

Qee qhov excitatory neurotransmitters muaj xws li epinephrine thiab norepinephrine.

Inhibitory neurotransmitters: Cov hom neurotransmitters muaj kev cuam tshuam cov teebmeem ntawm cov neuron; lawv txo qis dua qhov tsim nyog tias cov neuron yuav tua hluav taws xob ua. Qee qhov kev txwv loj hauv cov neurotransmitters muaj xws li serotonin thiab gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

Qee cov neurotransmitters, xws li acetylcholine thiab dopamine, tuaj yeem tsim ob lub ntsiab lus thiab kev cuam tshuam cov teebmeem nyob ntawm seb lub hom phaj twg tuaj.

Modulatory neurotransmitters: Cov neurotransmitters, feem ntau hu ua neuromodulators, muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam rau ntau dua neurons tib lub sijhawm.

Cov neuromodulators no cuam tshuam cov teebmeem ntawm lwm cov tub xa xov siv tshuaj. Qhov twg synaptic neurotransmitters raug tso tawm los ntawm axon terminals kom muaj kev cuam tshuam sai-lwm yam rau lwm tus cwj pwm txawv neurons, neuromodulators diffuse hla lub cheeb tsam loj thiab muaj qeeb-yawg.

Hom mob Neurotransmitters

Muaj ntau txoj kev sib txawv ntawm kev faib tawm thiab ua rau cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv neurotransmitters. Hauv qee zaus, lawv tsuas muab faib ua cov tshuaj monoamines, amino acids, thiab peptides.

Neurotransmitters tuaj yeem raug categorized rau hauv ib hom ntawm 6 yam:

Amino Acids

• Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ua raws li lub cev cov tshuaj tua neeg lub cev tseem ceeb. GABA txhawb kev pom, kev tswj xyuas lub cev, thiab ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tswj kev ntxhov siab. Benzodiazepines, uas yog siv los kho tshuaj ntxhov siab, kev ua haujlwm los ntawm kev ua kom cov neeg muaj mob GABA neurotransmitters, uas tuaj yeem ua rau lub cev muaj zog thiab nyob siab.
• Glutamate yog plentiful neurotransmitter uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub paj hlwb uas nws plays lub luag haujlwm hauv kev paub lub hlwb xws li kev nco thiab kev kawm . Ntev npaum li cas ntawm glutamate tau excitotoxicity ua rau tuag cellular. Qhov no yog excitotoxiticy los ntawm glutamate build-up yog txuam nrog qee cov kab mob thiab lub hlwb raug mob xws li tsis nco qab Alzheimer's, stroke, thiab qaug dab peg.

Peptides

• Oxytocin yog ob qho tib si lawm thiab neurotransmitter. Nws yog tsim los ntawm hypothalamus thiab plays lub luag haujlwm hauv kev sib raug zoo, kev sib cev, thiab kev sib deev kev ua haujlwm. Synthetic oxytocin xws li Pitocin feem ntau yog siv los ua haujlwm thiab yug me nyuam. Ob leeg oxytocin thiab Pitocin ua rau lub tsev menyuam mus cog lus thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm.
• Endorphins yog neurotransmitters dua li inhibit kev kis mob ntawm qhov mob thiab txhawb kev xav zoo siab. Cov tshuaj xa tuaj no yog tsim los ntawm lub cev hauv cov lus teb rau qhov mob, tab sis lawv kuj tuaj yeem ua lwm yam kev ua xws li aerobic exercise. Piv txwv, muaj ib tug "khiav lub siab" yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov kev xav zoo siab uas tau tsim los ntawm kev tsim tawm ntawm endorphins.

Monoamines

• Epinephrine yog suav hais tias yog ib yam tshuaj hormone thiab neurotransmitter. Feem ntau, epinephrine (adrenaline) yog ib qho kev nyuab siab uas yog tso tawm los ntawm qhov kev ua adrenal. Txawm li cas los xij, nws ua hauj lwm raws li neurotransmitter hauv lub hlwb.
• Norepinephrine yog ib tug neurotransmitter uas plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev kub ntxhov yog koom tes hauv lub cev kev sib ntaus lossis kev sib ntaus . Nws lub luag haujlwm yog los pab txhawb lub cev thiab lub hlwb los txiav txim rau lub sijhawm muaj teeb meem lossis kev ntxhov siab. Theem ntawm cov neurotransmitter no feem ntau qis tshaj thaum pw tsaug zog thiab siab tshaj thaum lub sijhawm ntxhov siab.
• Histamine ua raws li neurotransmitter hauv lub hlwb thiab tus txha caj qaum. Nws plays lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev tsis haum tshuaj thiab tsim tawm los ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob.
• Dopamine plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua kom muaj zog ntawm lub cev. Dopamine tseem muaj feem koom nrog rau nqi zog, kev txhawb, thiab ntxiv. Ntau hom tshuaj yeeb dej caw muaj peev xwm nce siab ntau dua nyob rau hauv lub hlwb. Parkinson tus kab mob, uas yog ib yam kab mob uas tshwm sim tuaj yeem ua rau lub cev muaj zog thiab lub cev muaj zog xiam oob qhab, los ntawm kev poob ntawm dopamine-generating neurons hauv lub hlwb.
• Serotonin plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj hwm thiab kev hloov kho, kev pw tsaug zog, kev ntxhov siab, kev sib deev, thiab kev ntshaw. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors , feem ntau hu ua SSRIs, yog hom tshuaj antidepressant ntau tshaj plaws rau kev kho mob kev nyuab siab, ntxhov siab vim, tsis pom kev ntshai, thiab ceeb ntshai. SSR ua hauj lwm kom sib npaug serotonin theem ntawm blocking reuptake ntawm serotonin nyob rau hauv lub hlwb, uas yuav pab txhim kho mus ob peb qho thiab txo kev xav ntawm kev ntxhov siab.

Purines

• Adenosine ua raws li cov neuromodulator hauv lub hlwb thiab koom tes nrog kev txhawb nqa kev txhawj xeeb thiab kev txhim kho kev pw tsaug zog.
• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ua raws li neurotransmitter hauv nruab nrab thiab peripheral lub hlwb . Nws plays lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tswjhwm, kev kho kev xav, thiab kev sib txuas lus nrog glial hlwb. Kev tshawb nrhiav pom tias nws kuj tseem muaj feem xyuam rau qee qhov teebmeem txog kev mob hlwb, nrog rau kev mob, kev mob, thiab kev ntshaw paj hlwb.

Gasotransmitters

• Nitric oxide plays lub luag hauj lwm hauv kev cuam tshuam rau cov nqaij ntshiv, ua kom lawv tso cai rau cov hlab ntsha hauv plab thiab ua rau ntshav ntws mus rau tej qhov chaw ntawm lub cev.
• Cov pa roj carbon monoxide feem ntau hu ua cov xim tsis muaj roj, tsis muaj ntxhiab pa uas ua rau muaj kev phom sij thiab qhov teeb meem tshwm sim thaum tib neeg raug cov tshuaj phom sij ntau. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tseem ua los ntawm lub cev uas nws ua raws li tus neurotransmitter uas pab kho tus cev lub cev lus teb.

Acetylcholine

• Acetylcholine yog cov leeg neurotransmitter hauv nws chav kawm. Pom nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si lub hauv paus thiab peripheral lub hlwb, nws yog thawj cov neurotransmitter txuam nrog lub cev muaj zog neurons. Nws plays lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov leeg taw thiab kev nco thiab kev kawm.

Dab Tsi Tshwm Sim Thaum Neurotransmitters Tsis Ua Hauj Lwm Txoj Cai

Ib yam li muaj ntau tus neeg lub cev, tej yam ua tau qee zaum yuav mus awry. Nws yog tej zaum tsis tsimnyog tias ib qhov system loj heev thiab txoj hauv kev ua rau tib neeg lub paj hlwb yuav raug rau cov teeb meem.

Qee yam ntawm tej yam uas tej zaum yuav ua tsis ncaj ncees yog:

• Neurons yuav tsis tsim kom txaus ntawm ib qho kev ua neurotransmitter
• Ntau dhau ib qho neurotransmitter tej zaum yuav raug tso tawm
• Ntau cov neurotransmitters tej zaum yuav deactivated los ntawm cov enzymes
• Neurotransmitters tej zaum yuav reabsorbed dhau plaws

Thaum neurotransmitters raug cuam tshuam los ntawm tus kab mob los yog siv yeeb siv tshuaj, nws muaj peev xwm muaj ntau hom kev phom sij ntawm lub cev. Cov kab mob xws li Alzheimer's, epilepsy , thiab Parkinson's yog txuam nrog cov pob txha hauv cov neurotransmitters.

Cov kws kho mob paub txog lub luag hauj lwm uas cov neurotransmitters tuaj yeem ua si hauv kev puas siab ntsws, uas yog vim li cas cov tshuaj uas cuam tshuam rau cov kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev cov tshuaj muaj ntawv pov thawj feem ntau tau muab los pab kho ntau yam mob hlwb .

Piv txwv li, dopamine yog txuam nrog tej yam xws li kev quav tshuaj thiab tus mob schizophrenia. Serotonin plays lub luag haujlwm hauv kev mob ntsws xws li kev nyuaj siab thiab OCD. Cov tshuaj, xws li SSRIs, tej zaum yuav raug sau los ntawm cov kws kho mob thiab cov kws kho mob kom pab kho cov tsos mob ntawm kev nyuaj siab lossis kev ntxhov siab. Cov tshuaj siv qee zaum siv ib leeg xwb, tab sis lawv kuj siv tau nrog lwm cov kev kho mob xws li kev paub txog tus cwj pwm kev coj cwj pwm .

Tshuaj Yeeb Yam Ntxim Saib Ntxim Ua Dab Tsi Neurotransmitters

Tej zaum qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws rau kev tshawb nrhiav thiab kev to taub txog qhov ua li cas neurotransmitters muaj peev xwm tau tsim cov tshuaj uas ua rau kis tau cov tshuaj lom neeg. Cov tshuaj no muaj peev xwm hloov cov teebmeem ntawm cov neurotransmitters, uas yuav ua rau cov kev mob tshwm sim ntawm qee yam kab mob.

• Agonists vs antagonists: Qee cov tshuaj muaj npe hu ua agonists thiab kev ua haujlwm los ntawm kev ua kom muaj cov teebmeem ntawm cov neurotransmitters. Lwm cov tshuaj thiab hu ua antagonists thiab ua kom thaiv cov teebmeem ntawm txoj hlab ntsha neurotransmission.
• Cov kab mob ncaj qha ncaj nraim yam ncaj nraim: Cov tshuaj yeeb tshuaj tua no kuj tuaj yeem tawg tau raws li seb lawv puas muaj qhov ncaj los yog tsis ncaj. Cov neeg uas muaj cov nyhuv ncaj qha ua hauj lwm los ntawm kev ua kom cov neurotransmitters vim tias lawv zoo sib xws hauv cov qauv tshuaj. Cov neeg uas muaj feem cuam tshuam kev ua hauj lwm los ntawm kev ua yeeb yam hauv cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke.

Cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam txog kev quav tshuaj neurotransmission nrog rau cov tshuaj siv los kho mob xws li kev nyuaj siab thiab kev ntxhov siab, xws li SSRIs, tricyliclic antidepressants, thiab benzodiazepines .

Cov tshuaj yeeb dawb xws li heroin, yeeb dawb, thiab tshuaj maj, kuj muaj kev cuam tshuam txog kev tua neurotransmission. Tus nees ej ua haujlwm ua ib tus neeg ua mob rau lub cev, ua rau lub hlwb lub cev ua kom muaj zog txaus kom yoog tau lawv cov khoom haum. Cocaine yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev siv tshuaj yeeb-tshuaj uas cuam tshuam rau kev kis mob ntawm dopamine.

Nrhiav cov Neurotransmitters

Qhov tseeb ntawm cov neurotransmitters tuaj yeem ua tau nyuab heev. Thaum cov kws tshawb fawb tau soj ntsuam cov hlwv uas muaj cov kab mob neurotransmitters, khom lub tsheb tawm cov tshuaj uas muab cia hauv cov hlwv no tsis yooj yim heev.

Vim li no, cov neuroscientists tau tsim muaj ntau cov txheej txheem rau kev txiav txim siab seb puas muaj tshuaj lom neeg yuav tsum txhais tias yog neurotransmitter:

• Cov tshuaj yuav tsum tau tsim hauv lub neuron.
• Qhov tsim nyog yuav tsum tau muaj cov enzymes hauv lub neuron.
• Yuav tsum muaj txaus ntawm tshuaj lom neeg tam sim no ua tau muaj cov nyhuv hauv cov postsynaptic neuron.
• Cov tshuaj yuav tsum tau tso tawm los ntawm cov tshuaj hu ua presynaptic neuron, thiab cov postsynaptic neuron yuav tsum muaj cov receptors uas cov tshuaj yuav khi rau.
• Yuav tsum muaj ib qho kev rov qab los yog muaj enzyme tam sim no uas nres qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov tshuaj.

Lo Lus Ntawm

Neurotransmitters ua si lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev sib tham neural, cuam tshuam rau txhua yam ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb mus rau kev kawm rau qhov zoo. Qhov no yog ob qho tib si ua thiab sib tshuam sib txuas. Neurotransmitters tau ua lwm yam, tab sis lawv muaj peev xwm raug cuam tshuam los ntawm tus kab mob, yeeb tshuaj, los yog txawm ua yeeb yam ntawm lwm cov ntawv xa tuaj.

> Qhov chaw:

> Benarroch, EE. Adenosine triphosphate: Ib qho hluav taws xob multifaceted tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub paj hlwb. Neurology. 2010; 74 (7). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181d03762.

> Kring, A, M., Johnson, SL, Davison, GC, & Neale, J M. Kev pheej yig psychology . Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons; Xyoo 2010.

> Magon, N & Kalra, S. Lub keeb kwm ntawm oxytocin: Hlub, lust thiab labour. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2011; 15: S156-S161. doi: 10.4103 / 2230-8210.84851.

> Verkhratsky, A & Krishtal, OA. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ua ib tug neurotransmitter. Hauv phau Encyclopedia ntawm Neuroscience, 4th Ed. Elsevier: 115-123; 2009.