Lub Closer Saib Ntawm Cov Lus Cog Tseg ntawm Little Albert
Qhov "Little Albert" experiment yog ib qhov kev sib txawv ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws los ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm John B. Watson thiab cov tub kawm ntawv kawm tiav Rosalie Rayner. Yav tas los, Lavxias teb sab physiologist Ivan Pavlov tau ua kev sim ua qauv qhia txheej txheem ntawm cov dev . Watson nyiam xav Pavlov txoj kev tshawb fawb ntxiv los qhia tias txoj kev xav hauv kev xav yuav ua tau zoo rau cov neeg.
Ib qhov Zoo Tshaj
Tus neeg koom rau hauv txoj kev sim yog ib tug me nyuam uas Watson thiab Rayner hu ua "Albert B." tab sis paub nrov hnub no raws li Me Albert. Nyob ib ncig ntawm 9 lub hlis, Watson thiab Rayner tau raug rau tus me nyuam mus rau ntau hom kab mob xws li ib tug nas dawb, luav, ib tus liab, qhov ncauj qhov ntswg, thiab ntawv xov xwm kub nyhiab thiab pom tus me nyuam qhov kev xav. Tus me nyuam tub pib pom tsis ntshai tsam ib yam ntawm cov khoom nws tau qhia.
Lub sijhawm tom qab Albert tau raug tus kab mob, Watson ua suab nrov nrov los ntawm kev ntaus ib lub yeeb nkab nrog ib tug rauj. Lawm, tus me nyuam pib quaj tom qab lub suab nrov nrov. Tom qab ob peb leeg pauv cov xim dawb nrov nrov, Albert pib quaj tom qab pom tus nas.
Watson thiab Rayner sau tau:
"Lub sijhawm pib, tus me nyuam pib quaj, ua rau nws quaj heev rau sab laug, poob rau ntawm nws sab laug, nws tsa nws sawv rau txhua plaub npaug thiab pib nkag mus sai heev uas nws raug ntes tau ua ntej ncav lub ntug ntawm lub rooj. "
Ntsiab ntawm Classical Conditioning nyob rau hauv lub me ntsis Albert sim
Cov Kev Ua Tsiaj Txhu Little Albert yog ib qho tseem ceeb thiab ua piv txwv txog kev siv chav txias li cas thiaj siv tau los ua kom muaj kev ntxhov siab.
- Tsis Txaus Ntshai Stimulus: Cov tshuaj dawb
- Unconditioned Stimulus : Qhov nrov nrov
- Unconditioned lus teb : Ntshai
- Conditioned Stimulus : Cov tshuaj dawb
- Teb cov lus teb : Ntshai
Stimulus Generalization nyob rau hauv lub me ntsis kev sim Albert
Ntxiv rau qhov qhia tau tias cov lus teb yuav muaj peev xwm ua tau rau tib neeg, Watson thiab Rayner kuj tau pom tias kev mob nkeeg ntawm txoj kev xav tau tshwm sim. Tom qab txias, Albert ntshai tsam tsis yog tus nas dawb xwb, tab sis ntau yam zoo li cov khoom dawb. Nws ntshai nrog rau lwm yam khoom xws li cov kab nrib xws li Raynor lub tsho tiv no thiab Watson hnav ib tug raug Claus hwj txwv.
Criticisms ntawm lub me ntsis kev sim Albert
Hos cov kev sim yog ib yam ntawm cov kev cai nto moo thiab feem ntau hauv txhua qhov kev kawm psychology, nws kuj tau hais txog kev ua rau ntau tus vim li cas. Ua ntej, cov kev sim thiab cov txheej txheem tsis tau ua tib zoo tsim. Watson thiab Rayner tsis tsim ib qho khoom txhais tau tias los ntsuam xyuas Albert's reactions, es txhob cia lawv tus kheej txhais cov txhais lus. Qhov thib ob, qhov kev sim kuj tsim tau ntau yam kev txhawj xeeb. Qhov kev tshawb fawb me me tsis tau ua los ntawm hnub no tus qauv vim tias nws yuav tsis ncaj ncees.
Dab tsi tau tshwm sim rau Me ntsis Albert?
Cov lus nug txog dab tsi tshwm sim rau Me Albert tau ntev lawm yog ib qho ntawm kev xav ntawm lub hlwb. Watson thiab Rayner tsis muaj peev xwm sim kom tshem tawm tus tub qhov kev ntshai ntshai vim nws tsiv nrog nws niam sai tom qab qhov kev sim ua tiav.
Ib co envisioned tus menyuam loj hlob mus rau ib tug txiv neej nrog ib tug coj txawv txawv phobia ntawm dawb, cov tsiaj plaub ntxhov.
Tsis ntev los no, txawm li ntawd los, qhov tseeb ntawm tus kheej thiab txoj hmoo ntawm tus tub hu ua Me Albert. Raws li tau hais hauv American Psychologist , kev tshawb nrhiav xya xyoo los ntawm tus kws kho mob Psychology Hall P. Beck tau coj mus tshawb nrhiav. Tom qab nrhiav tau thiab nrhiav qhov qub kev sim thiab qhov tiag tiag ntawm tus tub niam, nws tau pom tias Little Albert yeej yog ib tug tub hu ua Douglas Merritte.
Zaj dab neeg tsis muaj kev zoo siab, tiam sis. Douglas tuag thaum nws muaj hnub nyoog rau rau May 10, 1925 ntawm hydrocephalus, ua tus dej haus hauv nws lub hlwb.
"Peb qhov kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm xya xyoo tau ntev dua tus me nyuam tub lub neej," Beck sau ntawm qhov kev tshawb nrhiav.
Xyoo 2012, Beck thiab Alan J. Fridlund tau luam tawm lawv qhov kev tshawb nrhiav tias Douglas Merritte tsis yog "noj qab nyob zoo" thiab "ib txwm" tus menyuam uas Watson tau piav qhia hauv nws txoj kev xyaum 1920. Instead, lawv pom tias Merritte tau raug mob los ntawm hydrocephalus txij thaum yug los thiab tau muab pov thawj tias Watson paub txog tus me nyuam tus mob thiab txhob txwm tsis ncaj qhia txog tus me nyuam txoj kev noj qab nyob zoo. Cov kev tshawb pom tsis tsuas yog nrum tus duab ntxoov ntxoo nyob Watson txojsia, lawv tseem tob txog qhov kev coj zoo thiab kev coj ncaj ncees ntawm qhov kev paub zoo no.
Xyoo 2014, kev ntseeg raug ntiab tawm Beck thiab Fridlund cov kev tshawb pom thaum cov kws tshawb fawb tau muab pov thawj tias ib tug tub los ntawm William Barger yog qhov tseeb Me Me. Barger yug rau tib hnub li Merritte rau tus kws kho mob ntub ua haujlwm uas ua haujlwm hauv tsev kho mob tib yam li Merritte niam. Thaum nws thawj lub npe yog William, nws paub nws lub neej tag nrho ntawm nws nruab nrab lub npe, Albert.
Thaum cov kws paub txog qhov tseeb ntawm tus tub ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm ntawm Watson txoj kev sim, nws tsis paub tseeb tias Little Albert tau tawm hauv kev tawm tswv yim txog kev tshawb nrhiav txog kev xav ntawm kev xav txog kev xav.
> Qhov chaw:
> Beck, HP, Levinson, S., & Irons, G. (2009). Nrhiav me ntsis Albert: Ib txoj kev taug mus rau John B. Watson's infant laboratory. American Psychologist, 2009; 64 (7): 605-614.
> Fridlund, AJ, Beck, HP, Goldie, WD, & Irons, G. Little Albert: Ib tus menyuam tsis muaj teeb meem txog kev puas hlwb. Keeb Kwm Ntawm Psychology. doi: 10.1037 / a0026720; 2012.
> Watson, John B. & Rayner, Rosalie. (1920). Txaus siab rau kev xav. Phau Ntawv Qhia ntawm Kev Ntseeg Psychology, 3 , 1-14.