Kev puas tsuaj tom qab ntxhov siab (PTSD) yog tshwm sim los ntawm ntau cov tsos mob. Raws li Tshaj Tawm Tsib Hlis Ntuj 2013 ntawm Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), cov tsos mob no yuav muaj xws li kev hloov ntawm kev paub thiab kev xav, thiab kev hloov ntawm kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev ua haujlwm. Cov kev tshwm sim ntawm cov kev hloov no suav tau nrog kev ntseeg tsis zoo txog tus kheej; tsis pom tus cwj pwm xws li ntshai, npau taws thiab txaj muag; ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov kev ua ub ua no tseem ceeb; kev xav ntawm kev tsis sib haum; qhov tsis muaj peev xwm kom muaj kev xav zoo; kev coj cwj pwm; teeb meem yawm suab; thiab nyuaj pw tsaug zog.
Keeb Kwm Ntawm Aspartame Pom Kev Pom Zoo
Aspartame yog ib qho khoom noj khoom haus, tsis yog-saccharide sweetener siv los ua ib hom kev hloov piam thaj, uas yog kwv yees li 200 zaus sweeter dua sucrose. Thaum metabolized los ntawm lub cev nws lov rau hauv peb yam: ob hom amino acids (aspartic acid thiab phenylalanine) thiab ib qho me me ntawm methanol (methyl cawv).
Tshaj tawm xyoo 1965, Aspartame tau xub muab kev pom zoo pub siv rau hauv cov zaub mov qhuav los ntawm Food and Drug Administration (FDA) thaum xyoo 1974. Lub xyoo tom qab, FDA tau tso cai rau kev tso cai vim yog cov lus nug txog kev siv tau thiab kev ua kom tiav xa los ntawm GD Searle (qhov chaw tsim tshuaj paus ntawm aspartame) thaum pib ua daim ntawv thov. Xyoo 1980, Tsoom Fwv Saib Kev Tshaj Tawm (PBOI), tau tsim los ntawm FDA, tau hnov cov lus tim khawv txog kev txhawj xeeb txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov pob txha thiab lub paj hlwb thiab lwm yam tshuaj aspartame qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tsim fetuses.
Thaum PBOI tsis pom zoo nrog cov lus pom zoo, Board tau muaj lus nug ntxiv txog qhov kev sib txuas ntawm aspartame thiab hlwb mob cancer. Raws li cov lus nug ntawm PBOI, Pawg Thawj Saib Xyuas tau tshem tawm qhov kev pom zoo ntawm aspartame, tab sis tseem nug ntxiv. Nyob rau hauv 1981, tshiab tsa FDA Commissioner Arthur Hull Hayes, hauv kev sab laj nrog FDA cov kws tshawb fawb, raug nplua teeb meem ua los ntawm PBOI hais txog kev nyab xeeb ntawm aspartame.
Tom qab xyuas cov kev tshawb fawb ntxiv, nrog rau cov uas hais txog qhov mob hlwb txuas, qhov aspartame tau rov ua dua qub rau kev siv dag zog zoo hauv xyoo 1981.
Lub xyoo tom ntej, Searle tau thov ib daim ntawv thov nrog FDA tso cai rau cov tshuaj aspartame kom tau txais kev pom zoo los ua cov khoom qab zib thiab cov dej haus. Thaum lub Xya Hli Xyoo 1983, cov tshuaj aspartame tau txais kev pom zoo rau cov dej haus txawm tias tsam tawm ntawm lub koom haum National Drink Drink Association (NSDA), uas tau txhawj xeeb txog kev ruaj ntseg ntawm aspartame hauv cov kua fwj thiab txhawj xeeb vim qhov kub tshaj 85 degrees Fahrenheit, methanol lov mus ua formaldehyde thiab Diketopiperazine (DKP), uas tuaj yeem muaj tshuaj lom nyob rau theem siab.
Cov Haujlwm thiab Cov Cheeb Tsam ntawm Cheeb Tsam ntawm Aspartame
Aspartic acid (tseem hu ua asparaginic acid) pab tswj cov tshuaj hormone ntau lawm thiab tso tawm thiab kuj pab tswj tau qhov kev ua haujlwm hauv lub cev, nyob rau hauv ib feem los ntawm kev ua rau cov kab mob hauv lub hauv nruab nrab lub paj hlwb. Aspartic acid kuj pab hloov cov carbohydrates rau hauv lub zog. Nws yog hu ua "conditional or non-essential" amino acid vim peb tsis tas yuav haus cov khoom noj kom tau nws; nws yog lawm ua ke los ntawm peb lub cev. Txawm li cas los xij, peb noj nws thaum peb noj txiv laum huab xeeb, taum pauv, lentils, salmon, oysters, asparagus thiab ntau lwm cov khoom noj muaj protein ntau.
Phenylalanine yog ib qho amino acid uas plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov protein thiab ntau yam neurochemicals, nrog rau dopamine thiab adrenaline. Raws li ib qho tseem ceeb los sis "tseem ceeb" cov amino acid, nws tsis tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm peb lub cev thiab yog li ntawd yuav tsum tau txais los ntawm cov khoom noj xws li nqaij, ntses thiab khoom noj khoom haus, thiab txiv ntseej thiab legumes.
Methyl cawv (nquag xa mus rau cawv ntoo) muaj nyob rau hauv lub tshuab ntxuav tais diav, lub plhaub taum, cov tshuaj pleev xim, cov kua dej, thiab cov tshuaj tua kabmob (antifreeze). Kev kis tau ua rau kiv taub hau, ntuav, nruj, thiab dig muag. Thaum tsawg li 2oz tuaj yeem tua tau tus neeg laus. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau cov khoom noj muaj feem xyuam nrog methyl cawv, nrog rau cov cawv; kua txiv kab ntxwv thiab kua txiv kab ntxwv qaub; txiv hmab txiv ntoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog apples, dub currants thiab txiv lws suav; zaub xws li qos yaj ywm, ntses pas dej, qaub thiab parsnips; thiab haus cov nqaij thiab cov ntses.
Nyob rau hnub ib hnub, tus neeg nruab nrab kwv yees li ntawm 10mg methanol ib hnub yog ib feem ntawm lawv cov zaub mov noj. Ib qho khoom noj khoom haus uas muaj qhov ncauj nrog aspartame yuav pab kwv yees li 20mg ntawm methyl cawv rau lawv kom tsawg.
Formaldehyde yog ib qho tshuaj tsw-tsw muaj tshuaj siv los tsim cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Nws yog siv los ua ib qho kev txuag hauv cov chaw kuaj mob thiab cov neeg kuaj mob thiab tuaj yeem pom hauv cov pa tsheb. Nws tau sau tias "paub neeg carcinogen" los ntawm Lub Chaw Khiav Dej Num Kev Tshawb Fawb Rau Kev Mob Cancer thiab ua "human carcinogen uas tau tshwm sim" los ntawm Environmental Protection Agency. Formaldehyde feem ntau tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov huab cua (ob sab hauv tsev thiab sab nraum) ntawm tsawg dua 0.03 feem ntawm ib lab (ppm). Thaum muaj nyob rau hauv cov huab cua ntawm theem siab tshaj 0.1 ppm, voos rau qhov muag, qhov ntswg, caj pas, thiab tawv nqaij yuav tshwm sim. Txawm li cas los xij, formaldehyde no kuj ua los ntawm lub cev ntau ntau dua li qhov ua rau lub sij hawm ntawm aspartame - thiab lub formaldehyde yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tsim muaj ntau lub tebchaw, suav nrog DNA. Muaj kuj formaldehyde tam sim no nyob rau hauv ntau yam khoom noj , xws li tsawb, pears, cauliflower, kohlrabi, qhuav shitake nceb, nqaij npua, hnyuv ntxwm thiab ntau yam tsiaj ntawm crustaceans. Ib zaug xwb jelly taum tawm 45 zaug ntau formaldehyde dua li tag nrho cov kev noj haus soda - thiab tsis muaj leej twg noj ib jelly taum.
Diketopiperazine (DKP), kuj hu ua dioxopiperazine lossis piperazinedione, tsis yog tshuaj lom neeg. Tiam sis, DKP yog hais txog ib chav ntawm cov organic molecule isomers. Nws yog qhov 2,5 isomer ntawm DKP uas yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub cev ua ib qho kev rhuav tshem ntawm cov khoom me me ntawm methyl cawv hauv aspartame. DKP tuaj yeem pom muaj nyob rau hauv ntau yam khoom noj xws li txiv ntseej, cheese, chocolate, kas fes, npias, thiab mis. DKP kuj tau txuas rau cov kev ua neuroprotective, qhia txog kev txo cell tuag txuam nrog necrosis (ntxov tuag cell), apoptosis (preprogrammed cell tuag) los yog raug mob.
Kev Nyab Xeeb ntawm Aspartame
Peb yam tshuaj aspartame (aspartame, phenylalanine, thiab methyl cawv) raws li lub formaldehyde thiab DKP uas methanol tau tawg ua rau hauv siab cia txias, tau ua rau kev txhawj xeeb rau qee leej neeg txij li cov tshuaj aspartame. Raws li Ann Louise Gittleman, Ph.D., tau Txiav Txim Siab , ze li ntawm 75 feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov lus tsis txaus siab rau FDA txog zaub mov yog hais txog cov tshuaj aspartame.
Txawm li cas los xij, FDA, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) thiab txawm tias American Cancer Society lub xeev cov tshuaj aspartame tsis muaj teebmeem thaum nws muaj ntau npaum li cas ntawm qhov tau txais txhua hnub txais nyiaj (ADI). Ib qho ADI raug suav ua 1 / 100th ntawm qib qes tsis-pom-nyhav (TSIS TAU). Lub NOEL yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm ib yam khoom uas tsis ua rau muaj kev hloov rau txoj kev loj hlob, kev loj hlob lossis kev ua neej ntawm lub cev.
Lub FDA tau tsim cov ADI rau cov tshuaj aspartame ntawm 50 milligrams per kilogram (mg / kg) ntawm lub cev qhov hnyav rau ib hnub. EFSA's ADI rau cov tshuaj aspartame qis me ntsis, ntawm 40 milligrams per kilogram (mg / kg) ntawm lub cev hnyav rau ib hnub. Txhawm rau muab qhov no rau hauv kev xav, ib tug neeg laus uas hnyav 165lbs. yuav tsum tau haus dej kom ze li ntawm 20 lub kaus poom ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus los yog noj tshaj 100 packets ntawm lub qab zib kom haus cov tshuaj ADA ntawm aspartame rau ib hnub nkaus xwb. Ib 12oz. kev noj haus muaj peev xwm muaj kwv yees li 190 mg ntawm aspartame, uas ua rau nws poob rau 90mg ntawm phenylalanine, 72mg ntawm aspartic acid thiab 18mg ntawm methanol.
Los ntawm kev sib piv, 8oz. ntawm mis nyuj muaj 404mg ntawm phenylalanine thiab 592mg ntawm aspartic acid. Chocolate, rye qhob cij, dawb cheese pizza, qe, Parmesan cheese, lobster, tuna, nqaij qaib, yaj, thiab qaib cov txwv muaj ntau phenylalanine rau ib pluag noj dua cov khoom noj khoom haus. Ib tug txiv tsawb txiv hmab txiv ntoo muaj ntau dua methanol ntau tshaj ib txoj kev noj haus cov dej qab zib, raws li ib qho 8oz iav ntawm lws suav kua txiv.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias, feem ntau cov methanol uas pom nyob rau hauv cov khoom noj yog txuam rau pectin, uas tib neeg lub cev tsis tuaj yeem zom vim tias nws tsis muaj cov enzymes zoo thiab yog li cov tshuaj methanol tsis tso tawm. Cov khoom noj no feem ntau kuj muaj ethanol, uas tawm tsam cov teeb meem ntawm methanol. Qhov no tsis yog qhov teeb meem rau cov tshuaj methanol ntawm aspartame, uas yog xav txog "dawb methanol."
Ib qho ADI ntawm 7.5 milligrams ntawm ib kilogram (mg / kg) ntawm lub cev qhov hnyav rau ib hnub yog tsim los ntawm DKP los ntawm Koom Haum FAO / LEEJ Tawm Tswv Yim Rau Zaub Mov Additives (JECFA), FDA thiab Pawg Neeg Sawv Cev Hauv Tebchaws hauv Kev Xyaw Xyoo 1980. Nyob rau xyoo 1987, FDA Toxicologist Dr. Jacqueline Verrett tau ua tim khawv uantej Congress hais tias DKP tau raug coj los siv ua kev puas siab ntsws polyps thiab cov kev hloov hauv cov roj ntshav. Txawm li cas los, hauv xyoo 2012, nws yog ib feem ntawm kev rov ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus khoom noj khoom haus, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) tau thov cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv rau DKP, uas nws pom tau tias muaj kev nyab xeeb nyob rau theem. Xyoo tom qab, EFSA tau txiav txim siab tias cov nyiaj tau los ntawm DKP los ntawm tag nrho cov khoom noj khoom haus nruab nrab yog 1 / 75th txog 1/4 ntawm ADI rau DKP thiab yog li tsis lees paub tias muaj kev tiv thaiv ntawm kev tiv thaiv DKP.
Phenylketonuria
Muaj ib cov pejxeem rau cov tshuaj aspartame tau raug pov thawj los ua qhov tsis txaus ntshai: cov neeg uas raug kev txom nyem los ntawm cov caj ces phenylketonuria (PKU). PKU yog ib qho tsis tshua mob heev, uas txhais tau tias tus menyuam yuav tsum tau txais ib daim ntawv luam ntawm cov tsis muaj kev ua haujlwm ntawm txhua tus niam txiv. Cov menyuam uas yug los nrog PKU tsis muaj peev xwm metabolize phenylalanine, ib qho ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv aspartame. Kev tsim cov phenylalanine tuaj yeem ua rau qaug dab peg, teeb meem ntawm kev coj cwj pwm, thiab kev loj hlob thiab kev paub qeeb. Thaum noj cov tshuaj aspartame (nrog rau lwm cov khoom noj uas muaj phenylalanine) yuav muaj kev puas tsuaj rau tus neeg uas muaj PKU, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias PKU yog ib yam kab mob uas tsis tshua muaj caj dab, rau cov me nyuam mos thaum kuaj yug. Nws tsis yog ib yam dab tsi uas yuav tsum muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog tshwj tsis yog tias koj muaj tus mob PKU.
Aspartame thiab PTSD
Tom qab tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tau muab qhia nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no qhia tias aspartame (thiab nws cov khoom) tau pom kev ruaj ntseg los ntawm ntau lub koom haum thoob ntiaj teb thiab lub teb chaws, vim li cas nws thiaj yuav muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog cov neeg uas muaj tus kab mob PTSD haus aspartame? Xyoo 2014 kawm ntev txog University of North Dakota cov kev tshawb fawb pom tias lwm cov neeg laus noj qab nyob zoo uas noj cov zaub mov qib siab siab (25 mg / kg ntawm lub cev hnyav / hnub, uas tseem yog ib nrab ntawm ADI rau cov tshuaj aspartame) tau pom tias muaj kev ntxhov siab, kev nyuab siab thiab kev nyuab siab nrog cov kev coj ua ntu. Ua haujlwm nco (uas yog daim ntawv thov txog lub sijhawm luv luv rau kev paub tab) tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam. Tom qab yim hnub rau kev noj zaubmov siab, cov ntsiab lus muaj ob lub limtiam kev ntxuav lub sijhawm (qhov uas cov ntsiab lus tseem tsis tau kawm txog cov tshuaj aspartame) tomqab hnub yim noj zaubmov (10 mg / kg ntawm lub cev hnyav / hnub).
Cov kev tshwm sim ntawm kev nyuab siab ntxiv thaum lub sij hawm University of North Dakota kawm tau txais kev lees paub ntxiv rau 80 tus neeg mob, ib nrab ntawm cov uas muaj kev nyuaj siab heev. Cov neeg koom tau muab 30 mg / kg ntawm lub cev hnyav / hnub ntawm aspartame (60% ntawm ADI) lossis ib lub placebo rau xya hnub. Txawm hais tias cov ntsiab lus tsis muaj keeb kwm ntawm kev nyuaj siab pom tsis muaj cov tsos mob tsis hais seb pawg twg yog cov uas tau muab rau, cov neeg uas muaj keeb kwm ntawm kev nyuaj siab tau pom ntau cov tsos mob, qee qhov ntawm qhov loj. Qhov tseeb, Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb tau tso cai rau qhov kev tawm tsam vim cov kev koom nrog cov neeg koom nrog kev nyuaj siab.
Ib qho ntawm aspartic acid lub ntsiab functions yog gluconeogenesis (lub cim ntawm qabzib). Nws lwm lub ntsiab tseem ceeb yog tias ntawm neurotransmitter agonist. Ib tus agonist pab txhawb kev ua haujlwm ntawm ib tug neeg txais tos. Raws li aspartate (lub conjugate puag ntawm aspartic acid), nws stimulates NMDA receptors, raws li glutamate. Aspartate kuj tsim tau cov neurotransmitter NMDA, los ntawm tsevneeg nrog ib pawg methyl ntawm ib tus neeg pub dawb. Aspartate, yog li ntawd, ua raws li ob qho tib si neurotransmitter nws tus kheej thiab raws li ib lub tsev thaiv rau lwm tus neurotransmitter.
Tus NMDA tus neeg tuaj txais kev pab yog feem xyuam rau kev tswj hwm kev tswj hwm thiab kev tswj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (qhov hloov lub zog lossis tsis muaj zog ntawm lub caij nyoog tawm ntawm lub sijhawm, nrog rau tus lej ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm). Hauv kev txiav txim rau NMDA tus neeg ua hauj lwm kom ua hauj lwm kom zoo, nws yuav tsum tau khi nrog glycine los yog D-serine, nrog rau glutamate (los yog NMDA). Glycine-site NMDA tus neeg laus cov neeg laus tau cog lus cog lus rau cov tshuaj tshiab los pab daws kev ntxhov siab, kev nyuaj siab, thiab kev mob.
Txawm li cas los xij, qee cov neeg txais kev pom zoo, nrog rau NMDA, tuaj yeem ua rau overexcited thiab ua rau lub siab ua kom tsis muaj zog neuronal. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau lub xov tooj puas tsuaj thiab kev tuag, nrog rau lub hippocampus, uas yog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev hais kev ntshai kev ntshai. Tus hippocampus rau cov neeg uas muaj tus kab mob PTSD yog hypoactive; ntxiv kev puas tsuaj los ntawm kev nyuab siab excitotoxicity yuav ua rau muaj kev txhawj xeeb tsam txawv txawv. Dopamine tuaj yeem pab tivthaiv kabmob tawm tsam cov kabmob neurotoxicity tiam sis cov neeg muaj kev nyuaj siab (feem ntau yog mob comorbid nrog PTSD) feem ntau raug kev txom nyem los ntawm qhov txawv txav dopamine. Kev haus cov dej haus thiab dej haus nrog qib siab aspartame tuaj yeem ua rau nce qib ntxiv ntawm NMDA uas yuav ua rau ua rau lub siab ua kom tsis muaj zog neuronal.
Cov lus xaus
Vim tias cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau pom ib qho kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev nce ntawm kev nyuaj siab thiab cov qib siab aspartame, nws zoo li cov neeg uas muaj feem yuav tsim muaj kev nyuaj siab (nrog rau cov neeg uas muaj PTSD) yuav tsum tau txo lawv cov aspartame kom zoo hauv qab ADI ntawm 50 mg / kg ntawm lub cev hnyav / ib hnub, txawm tias qhov khoom siv seem seem kev ruaj ntseg rau sawv daws. Qhov no yuav yog clearer thaum xav tias tib txoj kev tshawb no tseem pom muaj zog txob taus thiab qhia tau cognition deficits, cov tsos mob cov neeg tau pom nrog PTSD tau tawm tsam nrog. Thaum kawg, suav cov kev puas tsuaj rau tus hippocampus los ntawm excitotoxin NMDA, yuav tsum saib xyuas txog kev noj cov tshuaj aspartame rau cov neeg uas muaj PTSD lossis lwm yam kev mob hlwb xws li kev nyuaj siab loj.
Aspartame yog ua lag luam nyob rau hauv cov lag luam npe NutraSweet, Equal thiab Sugar Twin.
> Qhov chaw:
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